Table of Contents

Don shigar da bututun ruwa a cikin wuraren waje da tsarin ban ruwa na lambu yana buƙatar ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar kayan aiki wanda aikin cikin gida ba ya buƙata sau da yawa. Abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari suna da yawa: bututun waje da aka gama da kyau na iya haifar da fashewar layin daga daskarewa, lalata UV na filastik da ba a tallafawa ba, ko gurɓataccen ƙasa daga mai hana baya. Wannan jagorar ya kawar da zato kuma ya ba ku ƙirar fasaha wanda ke sa bututun waje ya daɗe shekaru, ba kawai kakar wasa ɗaya ba.

Fahimtar Matsalolin Da Aka Yi a Yin Wutar Lantarki a waje

Kafin ka yi amfani da wannan aikin, kana bukatar ka san yanayin da za ka yi amfani da shi. A cikin gida, aikin famfo yana da yanayi mai kyau, yana kāre ka daga hasken rana, kuma yana da kaya da za a iya sa ran yin amfani da su.

Yanayin Yanayi da Rashin Yanayin Yanayi

Rashin hasken rana na UV daga hasken rana kai tsaye yana lalata filastik da yawa a tsawon lokaci. PVC na yau da kullun yana zama mai rauni da canza launi a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku na fuskantar rana. Polyethylene da polypropylene suna da kyakkyawan aiki, amma har ma waɗannan suna buƙatar ƙimar UV-ƙasa don gudana a ƙasa. bututun ƙarfe, a halin yanzu, suna fuskantar lalata daga ruwan sama, hazo na ban ruwa, da acid na ƙasa. Karfe mai walƙiya yana ba da juriya mai kyau amma har yanzu yana iya rami da lalata a cikin haɗin da aka lalata layin zinc.

A cikin yanayin zafi, ruwa yana faɗaɗa da ƙarfin da ya isa ya raba ko da bututu mai kauri.

Yanayin Gida da Yadda Ake Motsa Tuba

Ƙasa ba ta da tsayayye. Ƙasa ta yumbu tana faɗaɗa lokacin da ta yi rigar kuma tana raguwa yayin da ta bushe, yana ba da matsin lamba mai yawa ga bututun da aka binne. Ƙasa mai yashi tana fitar da kyau amma tana ba da ƙaramin tallafi, yana ba da damar bututun su zauna ba daidai ba. Ƙasa mai duwatsu za su iya lalata waje na bututun a tsawon lokaci. Ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙura mai ƙarancin ƙura tana ƙunshe da acid waɗanda ke hanzarta lalata kayan ƙarfe. Aikin gamawa mai kyau ya haɗa da kayan gado da aka zaɓa don nau'in ƙasa na musamman, yawanci tsabta, sand ko ƙura mai tsabta wanda ke cushe bututun da ke kewaye da shi kuma yana ba da damar sarrafawa a kusa da shi.

Halin Ruwa da Kuma Haɗarin Rashin Ruwa

Ruwa mai wuya yana da sinadarai masu ƙarancin ƙarfi da kuma ƙuntatawa a cikin bututu. Ruwa mai kyau sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da baƙin ƙarfe, manganese, ko hydrogen sulfide, wanda ke sa sassa su zama ruwan ƙazanta kuma suna haifar da ƙanshi mai ƙyama. Ruwa mai ruwan sama yana da ɗan acidic kuma zai iya lalata tagulla da tagulla.

Ƙarin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙ

Bambanci tsakanin shigarwar sana'a da kuma shigarwar mai son yin aiki da ba ta da kyau sau da yawa yakan zo ne ga cikakkun bayanai. Waɗannan su ne matakan da masu aikin famfo da suka ƙware suke ɗauka don tabbatar da cewa aikin su ba ya zubar da ruwa kuma yana aiki a tsawon lokaci.

Zaɓin Kayan da Ba Sa Hana Yanayi

Kada ku saba da tsarin daidaitaccen tsarin 40 PVC don amfani da waje sai dai idan an binne shi ko fentin shi da murfin hana UV. Don layukan da aka fallasa, zaɓi CPVC, wanda ke kula da UV da matsanancin zafin jiki mafi kyau. HDPE (polyethylene mai girma) shine ƙa'idar zinare don binne hanyoyin ban ruwa saboda yana tsayayya da lalata, yana kula da motsin ƙasa ta hanyar sassauƙa, kuma yana zuwa cikin coils waɗanda ke rage haɗin gwiwa. Don kayan ƙarfe, yi amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfe ko 316 a yankunan bakin teku 304 inda gishiri ke hanzarta lalata. Brass babban zaɓi ne don bawul da bututu amma kauce wa gami na zinc waɗanda ke lalata da sauri a yanayin waje. Aiwatar da tef mai rufi ko bututu mai lalata da aka ƙayyade musamman don sabis na waje da ruwa, ba don alamar farin tef don layukan iska ba.

Kauna da Za a Ƙarfafa Ta

A cikin gida, bututun filastik suna bukatar ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi wanda ƙa'idodin cikin gida ba su buƙata. Dole ne a tallafa wa bututun tagulla da ƙarfe kowane ƙafa shida zuwa takwas tare da madauri masu galvanized ko mara bakin ciki waɗanda suka haɗa da madauri na roba don hana lalata lantarki. bututun filastik suna buƙatar tallafi kowane ƙafa huɗu zuwa shida don hana saukakawa wanda ke ɗaure ruwa a ƙananan wurare. A wuraren da ke da alaƙa da ƙanƙara, shigar da haɗin faɗaɗa ko haɗin sassauƙa a canjin shugabanci. Waɗannan suna ba da damar bututun ya motsa kaɗan tare da motsin ƙasa ba tare da fasawa ba. Don masu ɗaga ƙasa a sama, yi amfani da kwandon ɗagawa wanda ke keɓe bututun daga kai tsaye zuwa haɗuwa da kankare ko itace, yana hana lalatawar galvanic da shan ruwa na ƙasa cikin bututun.

Ƙarfe da Ƙarfe

Duk wani bututu da aka fallasa a cikin yanayi wanda ya faɗi ƙasa da daskarewa yana buƙatar rufi, amma ba duk rufi iri ɗaya bane. Rufin bututun kumfa na ƙulle-cell da aka ƙayyade don amfani a waje yana tsayayya da shan danshi da lalata UV. Rufin fiberglass yana lalacewa lokacin da yake danshi kuma ya kamata a guje shi don aikace-aikacen waje. Don mahimman hanyoyin samarwa, la'akari da kebul na ɓoyewar zafi da aka sanya a cikin bututun da ke ƙarƙashin rufi. Wannan kebul ɗin da ke sarrafa kansa yana kunnawa a zafin jiki da aka saita kuma yana kiyaye bututun yana da zafi sosai don hana daskarewa ko da a cikin sanyi mai ɗorewa. Tabbatar da cewa rufin ya faɗaɗa gaba ɗaya a kusa da lankwasawa da kayan haɗi, saboda waɗannan sune wuraren da suka fi rauni. Rufe kowane madauri tare da tef mai jure yanayi don kiyaye danshi, saboda rufin yana gudanar da sanyi sosai fiye da bushewar rufi.

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

Ƙungiyoyin da aka yi wa zaren sune wuraren da aka fi amfani da su a cikin bututun ruwa na waje. Yi amfani da tefon teflon ko bututun da aka ƙayyade don ruwan sha a duk haɗin da aka yi wa zaren, kunsa tef a cikin hanyar agogo don ta ƙuntata tare da zaren. Don kayan haɗin matsawa, tabbatar da cewa an sanya ferrule daidai kuma an ƙuntata ƙwaya zuwa ga ƙayyadaddun masana'antun, ba kamar yadda kuke tsammani ya kamata ba. Ƙungiyoyin PVC da CPVC da aka walda da kayan narkewa suna buƙatar firam da siminti wanda ya dace da kayan bututun da ƙimar zafin jiki. Tsaftace bututun sosai, yi amfani da firam don taushi farfajiya, sannan a yi siminti da haɗuwa tare da juyawa don tabbatar da yaduwar daidai. Bada lokaci na kwata-kwata bisa ga jadawalin masana'antun, wanda zai iya zama awanni 24 ko fiye da haka a cikin yanayin sanyi, kafin a matse tsarin Rushing. Wannan matakin shine babban dalilin rashin nasarar.

Ƙarshen Tukwici don Tsarin Ruwa na Aljanna

Tsarin ban ruwa yana da bukatun gamawa na kansu wanda ya wuce tsarin bututun ruwa na waje. Samun rarraba ruwa iri ɗaya da kuma amincin dogon lokaci ya dogara da yadda kuka kammala ƙarshen tsarin da kuma sarrafawa.

Zaɓin Masu Fitar da Maganin da Ya Dace

Masu watsawa dole ne su dace da yawan kwararar da matsin tsarinku, da kuma bukatun ruwa na kowane shuka. Masu watsawar digo suna zuwa a cikin daidaitattun kwararar, yawanci 0.5, 1, ko gallons 2 a kowace awa, kuma sigar da ke biyan matsa lamba tana kiyaye daidaitattun kwararar koda tare da canje-canje a tsawo da kuma dogon gudu. Don masu watsawa, zaɓi shugabannin da suka dace da tsarin ɗaukar hoto da baka. Shugaban juyawa ya dace da manyan yankuna tare da ƙasa da iska, yayin da shugabannin watsawa na gyarawa suka fi dacewa da ƙananan gado, masu siffar rashin daidaito. Kammala na shigarwa yana nufin bincika cewa kowane mai watsawa ko mai watsawa yana da tsawo daidai, tare da allon shara a wuri, kuma cewa an tsara ƙasa da kewaye da kai don hana ruwa ya ɓace a kusa da tushe.

Dokar Matsi da rarraba

Yawancin tsarin ban ruwa na mazauna suna aiki tsakanin 30 zuwa 50 psi. Idan ruwanku ya wuce wannan, shigar da mai kula da matsin lamba a wurin haɗin kai zuwa layin babban layi. Ba tare da tsari ba, hazo yana faruwa a shugabannin sprinkler, ana ɓata ruwa don ɓarna da iska, kuma masu fitar da digo suna wuce gona da iri. Ya kamata a sanya na'urorin daidaita matsin lamba a ƙasa na mai kula da matsin lamba don daidaita matsin lamba don takamaiman yankuna. A ƙarshen shigarwa, yi amfani da mita na kwararar don auna ainihin fitarwa a kowane yanki kuma daidaita lokutan gudu daidai. Wannan hanyar da aka yi amfani da bayanai ta kawar da rashin ruwa da yawan ruwa kuma ta sa tsarinku ya zama mai inganci daga rana ta farko.

Hana Da Kuma Tsaro

Tsarin hana ruwa ba zaɓi bane. Yana da ƙa'ida a kusan kowane yanki don kowane tsarin ban ruwa da aka haɗa da wadatar ruwa mai sha. Na'urar tana hana ruwan ban ruwa mai gurɓataccen ruwa daga sake shiga cikin ruwan sha idan matsa lamba ta ragu. Mafi yawan nau'ikan tsarin zama sune mai hana iska mai iska (AVB) da mai hana iska mai matsin lamba (PVB). Sanya mai hana aƙalla inci 12 sama da mafi girman wurin fitarwa a cikin tsarin kuma tabbatar da cewa yana gudana kyauta bayan amfani. Gwada na'urar kowace shekara tare da mai gwadawa mai ba da takaddun shaida don tabbatar da riƙewar bawul ɗin duba. Kammala da shigarwa tare da mai gani, mai sauƙi mai sauƙi mai sauƙi yana sauƙaƙa kuma yana nuna bin doka yayin dubawa.

Ruwa da Winterization

Kowane tsarin ban ruwa yana buƙatar hanyar fitar da ruwa daga layin kafin yanayin daskarewa ya isa. bawul ɗin fitar da ruwa na hannu da aka sanya a ƙananan wurare a cikin tsarin suna ba ku damar buɗe su kuma bari nauyi ya yi aikin. bawul ɗin fitar da ruwa na atomatik ya buɗe lokacin da matsa lamba ta ruwa ta faɗi, yana sakin ruwa ba tare da tsangwama ta hannu ba. A cikin yanayin da ke da daskarewa mai ƙarfi, shigar da matsin iska mai matsewa a babban bawul. Wannan yana ba ku damar busa iska mai matsewa ta hanyar layin a cikin kaka don tilasta fitar da ragowar ruwa wanda ruwan nauyi ya rasa. Kammala tsarin ta hanyar lakabi kowane bawul na yanki da kuma maɓallin fitar da ruwa a fili, tare da taswirar shimfidar bututun karkashin kasa da aka adana a cikin akwatin mai hana yanayi kusa da mai kula. Wannan shiri yana adana babbar takaici lokacin da kuke buƙatar yin hunturu ko gyara daga baya.

Ƙwarewar Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙar

Waɗannan hanyoyin da suka fi ci gaba sun raba aikin da masu sha'awar suke yi, suna ba da lokaci kafin su yi aiki, amma suna kawar da matsaloli masu tsanani da kuma rashin nasara da suka faru a farkon lokaci.

Yin Hoto da Kuma binne

Don hanyoyin ban ruwa, 12 zuwa 18 inci na rufewa shine misali, amma zurfi ya fi aminci a cikin yanayin sanyi ko yankuna tare da zirga-zirgar ƙasa. Don hanyoyin samarwa, ana iya buƙatar inci 24 ko fiye da lambar gida. Ka kwanta bututun aƙalla inci uku na tsaftataccen yashi, sannan ka cika shi da ƙasa mai ƙwanƙwasa a cikin ɗagawa na inci shida, ka cika kowane yadudduka don hana zama a nan gaba. Ka sanya bututun a kan karamin layin maimakon madaidaiciya mai layin da ƙwanƙwasawa; wannan yana ba da damar fadada zafi da sauƙin yin roda idan an sami toshewa.

Gwaji da Sanya Aiki

Kada ku binne ko rufe wani bututu har sai kun gwada matsin lamba a kan dukkan tsarin. Ku cika layin a hankali don barin iska mai kama ta fita, sannan ku matsa lamba zuwa matsin aiki na al'ada kuma ku riƙe shi aƙalla minti 30. Ku yi tafiya a kowane inci na tsarin, kuna sauraron tsawa da bincika kowane haɗin tare da mai auna zafi ko tawul ɗin takarda mai bushe don alamun tsagewa. Ku sanya alama ga kowane lalacewa da tutar kuma gyara shi kafin sake cikawa. Bayan gyare-gyare, sake gwada ɓangaren. Sai kawai lokacin da tsarin ya riƙe matsa lamba ba tare da kowane saukewa ba ya kamata ku ɗauki shigarwar a shirye kuma a yi amfani da shi. Wannan horo yana kama kashi 99 cikin ɗari na kurakuran shigarwa kuma yana adana ɓarna mara iyaka daga baya.

Masu Kula da Ikon Kai da Aikin Kai

Masu sarrafa zamani ba kawai suna kunna da kashe ruwa ba. Masu sarrafa masu hankali suna amfani da bayanan yanayi, na'urorin daukar hoto na ƙasa, da masu auna mita don daidaita jadawalin ban ruwa ta atomatik. gama tsarinka ta hanyar shigar da mai sarrafawa wanda ke sadarwa tare da dandamali na tsakiya ko app, yana ba ka ganuwa game da amfani da ruwa da faɗakarwar ɓarkewa a ainihin lokacin. Haɗa mai auna mai ɗaukar hoto a babban layin don gano ɓarkewar da ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ke nuna ɓarkewa. Shirya mai sarrafawa don kashe yankin ta atomatik idan kwararren ya wuce ƙofar. Wannan matakin gamawa ba kawai yana adana ruwa ba; yana hana ƙaramin ɓarkewar da ke zama gyaran tsada bayan watanni na lalacewar da ba a lura ba.

Kulawa da Bincike na Lokaci

Aikin da kake yi ba zai zama na lokaci ɗaya ba, amma zai sa aikinka ya ci gaba da yin yadda aka tsara kuma zai ƙara tsawon rayuwar kowane sashi.

Tsarin Farawa na bazara

Kafin kunna ruwa a karon farko a bazara, bincika duk abubuwan da ke sama don lalacewar sanyi, ɓarkewar kawuna, da kuma ɓarkewar haɗi. Bude babban bawul a hankali don barin iska ta tsere kuma ka guji ƙwanƙwasa ruwa wanda zai iya fashe bututun da aka raunana. Bincika mai hana baya ta hanyar gwada bawul ɗin rajista da shigar iska. Gudanar da kowane yanki da hannu kuma lura da ɗaukar hoto, neman ɓarkewar kawuna, ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, da kuma tara ruwa wanda ke nuna kwarara ko rashin ruwa. Gyara kamar yadda ake buƙata kuma maye gurbin kowane ɓarkewar kawuna kafin fara amfani da kakar.

Aikin Kashewa da Winterization

Kashewa yana da mahimmanci. Rufe babban ruwan ruwa zuwa tsarin kuma buɗe duk bawul ɗin fitarwa na hannu. Tashi ƙananan tabo a cikin bututun don ƙarfafa cikakken zubar da ruwa. Don layin da suka taurare, haɗa kwampreso na iska wanda aka ƙayyade don tsarin ban ruwa, yawanci 50 zuwa 80 cfm a 40 zuwa 80 psi, kuma busa iska ta kowane yanki har sai hazo kawai ya fito. Kada ku wuce matsin lamba da aka ba da shawarar don nau'in bututun ku; bututun poly zai iya ɗaukar matsin lamba fiye da PVC. Cire da adana duk abubuwan da ke sama da ƙasa kamar bututu, masu lokaci, da bututun saukad da ruwa. Adana su a cikin gida inda aka kare su daga daskarewa da UV. Rufe mai hana baya tare da jakar rufi da aka tsara don wannan dalili, amma kada ku rufe shi gaba ɗaya kamar yadda ƙarfin iska zai iya zama cikakke.

Kuskuren da Ya Kamata Mu Guje wa

Ko da masu yin amfani da kayan aikin da suka ƙware suna yin waɗannan kurakuran, amma idan muka san su tun da wuri, hakan zai taimaka mana mu daina yin hakan.

  • A 3/4 inch line ba zai iya samar da cikakken zone na sprinklers a m matsa lamba. Mataki zuwa 1 inch ko mafi girma ga babban gudu, sa'an nan kuma reshe kashe tare da karami bututu zuwa sassa daban-daban. matsa lamba hasara daga undersized cibiyar sadarwa ne mafi kowa dalilin rauni ɗaukar hoto.
  • A cikin wannan yanayin, ba za a iya amfani da kwandon bawul ba...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
  • ] Hada nau'ikan ƙarfe ba tare da haɗin haɗin lantarki ba. Ta hanyar taɓa jan ƙarfe da ƙarfe kai tsaye suna haifar da sel ɗin galvanical wanda ke lalata ƙarfe ɗaya da sauri. Yi amfani da haɗin haɗin lantarki ko kayan juyawa na tagulla don raba ƙarfe daban-daban.
  • ]Bayan a yi watsi da ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙirar mai ƙirar. [ Kayan matsi, bawul ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa, da ƙwallon haɗin haɗin suna da takamaiman buƙatun ƙirar ƙirar. Ƙarƙashin ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ko ɓarkewar jikin. Ƙarƙashin ƙira yana haifar da ɓarkewa.
  • ]Skipping da backfill compaction. ] Loose backfill ya daidaita a tsawon lokaci, jawo bututu a ƙasa tare da shi. Wannan yana haifar da wuraren raguwa waɗanda ke riƙe da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar daskarewa da toshewar kwari.

Tunani na Ƙarewa

Kammala da kyau na plumbing na waje da tsarin ban ruwa na lambu wani saka hannun jari ne a cikin abin dogaro. Kowane haɗin da aka rufe yadda ya kamata, kowane bututu da aka kwanta a kan yashi, kowane mai watsawa da aka dace da tsire-tsire yana adana awanni na hakowa a nan gaba da dubban galan na ruwan da aka ɓata. Hanyoyi a cikin wannan jagorar ba na ka'idar bane, sune ƙa'idodin da masu sana'a ke amfani da su waɗanda suke buƙatar aikinsu ya daɗe ta hanyar yanayi na cin zarafi. Yi lokaci don kammala kowane ɓangaren da kyau, kuma tsarinku zai yi daidai yadda aka tsara, shekara bayan shekara.

Don ƙarin karatu game da buƙatun lambar da kyawawan ayyuka, bincika shirin EPA WaterSense na EPA don jagororin ingancin ban ruwa, ƙungiyar ban ruwa na FLT: 3 don albarkatu na fasaha da bayanin takaddun shaida, da ofishin lambar ginin ku na gida don takamaiman buƙatun hana baya da zurfin binnewa a yankinku.